With a claim to politics, the pro side must identify in a debate a need in the system for change and the timeliness of its approach. The Con-side only has to defeat one of the two to defeat the claim. A person`s values are often put at stake when a person defends morality. Since value claims cannot be proven empirically, our arguments with others tend to be qualitative and without much factual support. A major problem in social reasoning is that we tend to view value claims as factual assertions, thus shifting the focus from reasoning from good and evil to true or false. Value claims are the most difficult to reach consensus because objective criteria are lacking. A claim to value holds that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another. Because AT&T couldn`t grasp ARPANET`s potential, the military took over the network project. They applied rules and regulations to maintain the efficiency and discipline of the network. In 1983, they divided the network into two parts: one for the military, called MILNET, and one for research, still called ARPANET (they were both still connected, but the gateway machines could restrict access to both networks). The main contribution of the army was to introduce a standard protocol, TCP/IP, for all machines connected to the network. Lawrence Landweber approached the NSF in 1981 to build a computer network that helped move the Internet from military to civilian use.
BITNET was also established in 1981 so that academic institutions could communicate with each other via telephone lines. By 1991 it had grown to 49 countries, but by 1993 it began to lose popularity. MERIT was commissioned in 1987 to build the NSFNET for supercomputing, which allowed the Internet to grow even faster. As the ARPANET became slow in comparison, it was decommissioned in 1990. In 1991, Senator Al Gore helped pass legislation establishing a network to connect NASA, the Department of Energy, NSF, and ARPA. However, in the 2000 presidential election, he was accused of «inventing the Internet»; He made no such allegation. In the early days of the Internet, various groups and committees were formed to coordinate networking research at the international level. In the 1990s, TCP/IP contributed to the creation of a global network. The domain name system was created in 1983 to regulate the assignment of domain names (.com, .uk, etc.).
The United States took control of the domain name system in 1998 and retained control until 2009, when it was decided that no country should control the Internet. A factual claim claims that something quantifiable has existed, exists, or will exist. At the heart of the controversy in a factual statement is the appropriateness of the fact in question. In other words, a factual claim debates whether the statement of the claim is just or false, valid or invalid, true or false. When we make such implications, we discuss something that is known to something that is unknown. Factual claims also focus on cause-and-effect relationships. A policy claim claims that something should or should not be done by someone because of something. He suggests that a certain course of action should be taken, but not necessarily taken. The key word in a police claim is the conditional verb «should,» implying that certain actions must be taken, but not that they must or will be taken. For example, «The United States should send a manned expedition to Mars» or «Students should read the assigned text before the instructor talks about it.» There are sometimes implicit assertions of facts and values lurking in the demands of politics. For example: «Since smoking is bad for the smoker`s health and imposes other risks for 2nd hand smoke, smoking should be prohibited on campus.» Nevertheless, the argument will turn/depend on the political claim. Here`s the political claim that «smoking on campus should be banned» (and that`s ultimately what we`ll decide).
During the dispute, however, we will likely discuss factual claims («Smoking is bad for the smoker,» «Second-hand smoke is bad for others»), as well as value claims («Protecting the overall health of people on campus promotes comfortable living»). None of these subclaims DEAL DIRECTLY with the political claim that «smoking should be prohibited on campus,» although establishing factual and value subclaims may help support the insurance claim. When you make a claim, you must be prepared to substantiate the claim with evidence and arguments. 3) Political demands respond to the general sentence in English: Who should do what? Policy claims suggest that specific actions should be carried out/supplemented by certain entities. It is better to assert a political claim than to be too negative. For example: A police claim argues that certain conditions should exist, or that something should or should not be done to solve a problem. There are three types of claims: factual claims, value claims, and political claims. Each type of claim focuses on a different aspect of a topic. To best participate in an argument, it is advantageous to understand the nature of the claim argued.
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